Selenium 4 WebDriver 实战

默认缓存路径：
- Linux/macOS: ~/.cache/selenium/
- Windows:     %LOCALAPPDATA%\selenium\

<dependencies>
    <!-- Selenium 4.42.0（2026-03 最新稳定版） -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
        <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
        <version>4.42.0</version>
    </dependency>
    <!-- JUnit 5 用于测试组织与断言 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
        <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
        <version>5.13.0</version>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

# 安装最新稳定版
pip install selenium==4.42.0

# 同时安装 pytest 用于测试组织
pip install pytest==8.4.0

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.addArguments("--start-maximized");   // 最大化窗口
// Selenium 4 自动管理 Driver，无需 System.setProperty
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

driver.get("https://www.example.com");                    // 导航到 URL
driver.navigate().to("https://www.example.com/login");    // 等价于 get
driver.navigate().back();                                 // 后退
driver.navigate().forward();                              // 前进
driver.navigate().refresh();                              // 刷新
driver.quit();                                            // 关闭会话并释放资源

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options

options = Options()
options.add_argument("--start-maximized")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)   # 自动管理 Driver

driver.get("https://www.example.com")
driver.back()
driver.forward()
driver.refresh()
driver.quit()

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
// 1. ID
driver.findElement(By.id("username"));
// 2. CSS 选择器
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#login-form input.submit"));
// 3. Name
driver.findElement(By.name("password"));
// 4. ClassName
driver.findElement(By.className("btn-primary"));
// 5. TagName
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button"));
// 6. LinkText
driver.findElement(By.linkText("忘记密码"));
// 7. PartialLinkText
driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("注册"));
// 8. XPath
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@placeholder='手机号']"));

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver.find_element(By.ID, "username")
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#login-form input.submit")
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "password")
driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "btn-primary")
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "button")
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "忘记密码")
driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "注册")
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@placeholder='手机号']")

WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.id("kw"));
el.clear();                              // 清空输入框
el.sendKeys("Selenium 4");               // 输入文本
el.click();                              // 点击
el.submit();                             // 提交表单
String text = el.getText();              // 获取可见文本
String attr = el.getAttribute("href");   // 获取属性
boolean displayed = el.isDisplayed();    // 是否可见
boolean enabled  = el.isEnabled();       // 是否可用
boolean selected = el.isSelected();      // 是否选中（radio/checkbox）

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
import java.time.Duration;

// 显式等待：条件满足立即返回，最多 10 秒
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
WebElement btn = wait.until(
    ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.id("submit"))
);

// 隐式等待：全局轮询基础，仅对 findElement 生效
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(5));

// 禁止：固定休眠，环境波动会放大失败率
// Thread.sleep(3000);

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

# 显式等待
btn = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
    EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, "submit"))
)

# 隐式等待
driver.implicitly_wait(5)

import static org.openqa.selenium.support.locators.RelativeLocator.with;

WebElement password = driver.findElement(By.id("password"));
// 定位密码框上方的输入框（用户名）
WebElement username = driver.findElement(
    with(By.tagName("input")).above(password)
);
// 定位密码框下方的按钮
WebElement loginBtn = driver.findElement(
    with(By.tagName("button")).below(password)
);
// 定位密码框右侧的"显示密码"图标
WebElement eye = driver.findElement(
    with(By.className("icon-eye")).toRightOf(password)
);
// 定位密码框左侧的标签
WebElement label = driver.findElement(
    with(By.tagName("label")).toLeftOf(password)
);
// 链式：在某元素下方且在另一元素右侧
driver.findElement(
    with(By.tagName("input")).below(header).toRightOf(sidebar)
);

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.relative_locator import with_tag

password = driver.find_element(By.ID, "password")
username = driver.find_element(with_tag("input").above(password))
login_btn = driver.find_element(with_tag("button").below(password))

import org.openqa.selenium.bidi.module.LogInspector;

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);   // 启用 BiDi
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

try (LogInspector logs = new LogInspector(driver)) {
    logs.onConsoleLog(console ->
        System.out.println("[CONSOLE] " + console.getText()));
    logs.onJavaScriptException(js ->
        System.out.println("[JS-ERR] " + js.getText()));
}

driver.get("https://www.example.com");

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.addArguments("--headless=new");           // Selenium 4 推荐新版 Headless
options.addArguments("--disable-gpu");
options.addArguments("--window-size=1920,1080");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

Map<String, String> mobileEmulation = new HashMap<>();
mobileEmulation.put("deviceName", "iPhone 15");
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setExperimentalOption("mobileEmulation", mobileEmulation);
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

driver.get("https://www.example.com");
// 添加 Cookie
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("session", "abc123", "/example.com", null);
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);
// 读取所有 Cookie
Set<Cookie> cookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
// 按名删除
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("session");
// 清空
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

// 新标签页
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);
// 新窗口
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);
// 句柄切换
String original = driver.getWindowHandle();
for (String handle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
    if (!handle.equals(original)) {
        driver.switchTo().window(handle);
    }
}

@Test
public void testLogin() {
    driver.get("https://www.example.com/login");
    WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));

    wait.until(EC.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("username"))).sendKeys("admin");
    driver.findElement(By.id("password")).sendKeys("pwd123");
    driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button[type=submit]")).click();

    WebElement greeting = wait.until(
        EC.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.className("user-greeting"))
    );
    assertEquals("你好, admin", greeting.getText());
}

// 通过 input[type=file] 直接 sendKeys 绝对路径
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type=file]"))
      .sendKeys("/Users/tester/upload/sample.csv");
driver.findElement(By.id("upload-btn")).click();

Map<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<>();
prefs.put("download.default_directory", "/Users/tester/downloads");
prefs.put("download.prompt_for_download", false);
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setExperimentalOption("prefs", prefs);
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
driver.get("https://www.example.com/report");
driver.findElement(By.id("export")).click();

// 原生 alert / confirm / prompt
Alert alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
String text = alert.getText();   // 读取弹窗文本
alert.accept();                  // 确认
// alert.dismiss();             // 取消
// alert.sendKeys("hello");     // 输入

// iframe 切换
driver.switchTo().frame("ad-frame");
driver.findElement(By.id("close")).click();
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();   // 回到主文档